(a) Signature. Every pleading, written motion, and other paper shall be signed by at least one attorney of record in the attorney’s individual name, or, if the party is not represented by an attorney, shall be signed by the party. Each paper shall state the signer’s address and telephone number, if any. Except when otherwise specifically provided by rule or statute, pleadings need not be verified or accompanied by affidavit. An unsigned paper shall be stricken unless omission of the signature is corrected promptly after being called to the attention of the attorney or party.
(b) Representations to Court. By presenting to the court (whether by signing, filing, submitting, or later advocating) a pleading, written motion, or other paper, an attorney or unrepresented party is certifying that to the best of the person’s knowledge, information, and belief, formed after an inquiry reasonable under the circumstances,—
(1) it is not being presented for any improper purpose, such as to harass or to cause unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of litigation;
(2) the claims, defenses, and other legal contentions therein are warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law or the establishment of new law;
(3) the allegations and other factual contentions have evidentiary support or, if specifically so identified, are likely to have evidentiary support after a reasonable opportunity for further investigation or discovery; and
(4) the denials of factual contentions are warranted on the evidence or, if specifically so identified, are reasonably based on a lack of information or belief.
(c) Sanctions. If, after notice and a reasonable opportunity to respond, the court determines that subdivision (b) has been violated, the court may, subject to the conditions stated below, impose an appropriate sanction upon the attorneys, law firms, or parties that have violated subdivision (b) or are responsible for the violation.
(1) How Initiated.
(A) By Motion. A motion for sanctions under this rule shall be made separately from other motions or requests and shall describe the specific conduct alleged to violate subdivision (b). It shall be served as provided in Rule 5, but shall not be filed with or presented to the court unless, within 21 days after service of the motion (or such other period as the court may prescribe), the challenged paper, claim, defense, contention, allegation, or denial is not withdrawn or appropriately corrected. If warranted, the court may award to the party prevailing on the motion the reasonable expenses and attorney’s fees incurred in presenting or opposing the motion. Absent exceptional circumstances, a law firm shall be held jointly responsible for violations committed by its partners, associates, and employees.
(B) On Court’s Initiative. On its own initiative, the court may enter an order describing the specific conduct that appears to violate subdivision (b) and directing an attorney, law firm, or party to show cause why it has not violated subdivision (b) with respect thereto.
(2) Nature of Sanction; Limitations. A sanction imposed for violation of this rule shall be limited to what is sufficient to deter repetition of such conduct or comparable conduct by others similarly situated. Subject to the limitations in subparagraphs (A) and (B), the sanction may consist of, or include, directives of a nonmonetary nature, an order to pay a penalty into court, or, if imposed on motion and warranted for effective deterrence, an order directing payment to the movant of some or all of the reasonable attorneys’ fees and other expenses incurred as a direct result of the violation.
(A) Monetary sanctions may not be awarded against a represented party for a violation of subdivision (b)(2).
(B) Monetary sanctions may not be awarded on the court’s initiative unless the court issues its order to show cause before a voluntary dismissal or settlement of the claims made by or against the party which is, or whose attorneys are, to be sanctioned.
(3) Order. When imposing sanctions, the court shall describe the conduct determined to constitute a violation of this rule and explain the basis for the sanction imposed.
(d) Inapplicability to Discovery. Subdivisions (a) through (c) of this rule do not apply to disclosures and discovery requests, responses, objections, and motions that are subject to the provisions of Rules 26 through 37.
(As amended Apr. 28, 1983, eff. Aug. 1, 1983; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987; Apr. 22, 1993, eff. Dec. 1, 1993.)
added in current removed in current
Compared to current version (2025).
(a) Signature. Every pleading, written motion, and other paper shallmust be signed by at least one attorney of record in the attorney’s individual name, or, if the party is not represented by an attorney, shall be signed by the party. Eachname-or by a party personally if the party is unrepresented. The paper shallmust state the signer’s address, e-mail address, and telephone number, if any. Except when otherwise specifically provided by rule or statute,. Unless a rule or statute specifically states otherwise, a pleadings need not be verified or accompanied by an affidavit. An unsigned paper shall be strickenThe court must strike an unsigned paper unless the omission of the signature is corrected promptlyis promptly corrected after being called to the attention of the attorney’s or party’s attention.
(b) Representations to the Court. By presenting to the court (a pleading, written motion, or other paper-whether by signing, filing, submitting, or later advocating) a pleading, written motion, or other paper, it-an attorney or unrepresented party is certifyingies that to the best of the person’s knowledge, information, and belief, formed after an inquiry reasonable under the circumstances,-:
(1) it is not being presented for any improper purpose, such as to harass or to, cause unnecessary delay, or needlessly increase in the cost of litigation;
(2) the claims, defenses, and other legal contentions therein are warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument for the extensionding, modificationying, or reversal ofing existing law or thefor establishment ofing new law;
(3) the allegations and other factual contentions have evidentiary support or, if specifically so identified, arewill likely to have evidentiary support after a reasonable opportunity for further investigation or discovery; and
(4) the denials of factual contentions are warranted on the evidence or, if specifically so identified, are reasonably based on belief or a lack of information or belief.
(c) Sanctions.
(1) In General. If, after notice and a reasonable opportunity to respond, the court determines that subdivision Rule 11(b) has been violated, the court may, subject to the conditions stated below, impose an appropriate sanction upon theany attorneys, law firms, or partiesy that have violated subdivision (b) or arethe rule or is responsible for the violation. Absent exceptional circumstances, a law firm must be held jointly responsible for thea violation.
(1) How Initiated committed by its partner, associate, or employee.
(A2) By Motion for Sanctions. A motion for sanctions under this rule shallmust be made separately from any other motions or requests and shall and must describe the specific conduct that alleged toly violate subdivision (b). It shall be served as provided ins Rule 11(b). The motion must be served under Rule 5, but shallit must not be filed with oror be presented to the court unless, within 21 days after service of the motion (or such other period as the court may prescribe),if the challenged paper, claim, defense, contention, allegation, or denial is not withdrawn or appropriately corrected within 21 days after service or within another time the court sets. If warranted, the court may award to the party prevailing on the motionparty the reasonable expenses and, including attorney’s fees, incurred in presenting or opposing the motion. Absent exceptional circumstances, a law firm shall be held jointly responsible for violations committed by its partners, associates, and employeesfor the motion.
(B3) On the Court’s Initiative. On its own initiative, the court may enter an order describing the specific conduct that appears to violate subdivision (b) and directing an attorney, law firm, or party to show cause why it has not violated subdivision (b) with respect theretoorder an attorney, law firm, or party to show cause why conduct specifically described in the order has not violated Rule 11(b).
(24) Nature of a Sanction; Limitations. A sanction imposed for violation ofunder this rule shallmust be limited to what is sufficientes to deter repetition of suchthe conduct or comparable conduct by others similarly situated. Subject to the limitations in subparagraphs (A) and (B), the sanction may consist of, or include, directives of aThe sanction may include nonmonetary nature,directives; an order to pay a penalty into court,; or, if imposed on motion and warranted for effective deterrence, an order directing payment to the movant of somepart or all of the reasonable attorneys’s fees and other expenses incurred as a directly result ofing from the violation.
(A5) Limitations on Monetary sSanctions may not be awarded. The court must not impose a monetary sanction:
(A) against a represented party for a violation of subdivision ng Rule 11(b)(2).; or
(B) Monetary sanctions may not be awarded on the court’s initiative unless the court issues its order to show cause its own, unless it issued the show-cause order under Rule 11(c)(3) before a voluntary dismissal or settlement of the claims made by or against the party whichthat is, or whose attorneys are, to be sanctioned.
(36) Order. WhenRequirements for an Order. An order imposing a sanctions, the court shall describe the conduct determined to constitute a violation of this rule must describe the sanctioned conduct and explain the basis for the sanction imposed.
(d) Inapplicability to Discovery. Subdivisions (a) through (c) of tThis rule does not apply to disclosures and discovery requests, responses, objections, and motions that are subject to the provisions ofunder Rules 26 through 37.
(As amended Apr. 28, 1983, eff. Aug. 1, 1983; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987; Apr. 22, 1993, eff. Dec. 1, 1993; Apr. 30, 2007, eff. Dec. 1, 2007.)